"-stow" meaning in All languages combined

See -stow on Wiktionary

Suffix [Old English]

IPA: /ˌstoːw/
Etymology: From stōw (“place”), from Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Akin to Old Norse -stó (“place of”), Old Frisian stō (“place”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”). Compare the similar usage in forming toponyms in the cognate Indo-Iranian suffix -stan. See also stow. Etymology templates: {{der|ang|gem-pro|*stōō||place}} Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”), {{der|ang|ine-pro|*steh₂w-||to set, place}} Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”), {{cog|non|-stó||place of}} Old Norse -stó (“place of”), {{cog|ofs|stō||place}} Old Frisian stō (“place”), {{cog|got|𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽||to judge, place}} Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”), {{cog|iir}} Indo-Iranian Head templates: {{head|ang|suffix|cat2=|head=-stōw|head2=|sort=}} -stōw, {{ang-suffix|g=f|head=-stōw}} -stōw Inflection templates: {{ang-decl-noun-o-f|-stōw}}, {{ang-decl-noun|-stōw|-stōwa,-stōwe|-stōwe|-stōwa,-stōwe|-stōwe|-stōwa|-stōwe|-stōwum|num=|title=|type=strong ō-stem}} Forms: -stōw [canonical], no-table-tags [table-tags], -stōw [nominative, singular], -stōwa [nominative, plural], -stōwe [nominative, plural], -stōwe [accusative, singular], -stōwa [accusative, plural], -stōwe [accusative, plural], -stōwe [genitive, singular], -stōwa [genitive, plural], -stōwe [dative, singular], -stōwum [dative, plural]
  1. suffix found in many placenames denoting "place" or "place of" Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--stow-ang-suffix-exRVDCCq Categories (other): Old English entries with incorrect language header, Pages using catfix, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Old English entries with incorrect language header: 78 22 Disambiguation of Pages using catfix: 91 9 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 96 4 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 96 4
  2. place, area; provenance of, office of, jurisdiction of Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--stow-ang-suffix-v6i0AtIS
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*stōō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "place"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*steh₂w-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to set, place"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "-stó",
        "3": "",
        "4": "place of"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse -stó (“place of”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "stō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "place"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian stō (“place”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to judge, place"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "iir"
      },
      "expansion": "Indo-Iranian",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From stōw (“place”), from Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Akin to Old Norse -stó (“place of”), Old Frisian stō (“place”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”). Compare the similar usage in forming toponyms in the cognate Indo-Iranian suffix -stan. See also stow.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-stōw",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōw",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōw",
          "-stow#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwa",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwa",
          "-stowa#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwa",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwa",
          "-stowa#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwa",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwa",
          "-stowa#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwum",
          "-stowum#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "-stōw",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-stōw",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "g": "f",
        "head": "-stōw"
      },
      "expansion": "-stōw",
      "name": "ang-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-stōw"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-stōw",
        "2": "-stōwa,-stōwe",
        "3": "-stōwe",
        "4": "-stōwa,-stōwe",
        "5": "-stōwe",
        "6": "-stōwa",
        "7": "-stōwe",
        "8": "-stōwum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong ō-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "78 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "91 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using catfix",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "96 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "96 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Bristol; literally: the place by the bridge",
          "text": "Bryċġstōw",
          "translation": "Bristol; literally: the place by the bridge",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "suffix found in many placenames denoting \"place\" or \"place of\""
      ],
      "id": "en--stow-ang-suffix-exRVDCCq",
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "a place in the country",
          "text": "folcstōw",
          "translation": "a place in the country",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a place of peace, sanctuary, refuge, asylum",
          "text": "friþstōw",
          "translation": "a place of peace, sanctuary, refuge, asylum",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a baptistry, place where one is baptized",
          "text": "fulwihtstōw",
          "translation": "a baptistry, place where one is baptized",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a site; sepulcre",
          "text": "moldstōw",
          "translation": "a site; sepulcre",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a forum",
          "text": "mōtstōw",
          "translation": "a forum",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "neighbourhood; vicinity",
          "text": "nēahstōw",
          "translation": "neighbourhood; vicinity",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "town, township",
          "text": "mynsterstōw",
          "translation": "town, township",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "place, area; provenance of, office of, jurisdiction of"
      ],
      "id": "en--stow-ang-suffix-v6i0AtIS",
      "links": [
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "area",
          "area"
        ],
        [
          "provenance",
          "provenance"
        ],
        [
          "office",
          "office"
        ],
        [
          "jurisdiction",
          "jurisdiction"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌstoːw/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-stow"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English suffixes",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English ō-stem nouns",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*stōō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "place"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*steh₂w-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to set, place"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "-stó",
        "3": "",
        "4": "place of"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse -stó (“place of”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "stō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "place"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian stō (“place”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to judge, place"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "iir"
      },
      "expansion": "Indo-Iranian",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From stōw (“place”), from Proto-Germanic *stōō (“place”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂w- (“to set, place”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Akin to Old Norse -stó (“place of”), Old Frisian stō (“place”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stōjan, “to judge, place”). Compare the similar usage in forming toponyms in the cognate Indo-Iranian suffix -stan. See also stow.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-stōw",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōw",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōw",
          "-stow#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwa",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwa",
          "-stowa#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwa",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwa",
          "-stowa#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwa",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwa",
          "-stowa#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwe",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwe",
          "-stowe#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-stōwum",
      "links": [
        [
          "-stōwum",
          "-stowum#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "-stōw",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-stōw",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "g": "f",
        "head": "-stōw"
      },
      "expansion": "-stōw",
      "name": "ang-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-stōw"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-stōw",
        "2": "-stōwa,-stōwe",
        "3": "-stōwe",
        "4": "-stōwa,-stōwe",
        "5": "-stōwe",
        "6": "-stōwa",
        "7": "-stōwe",
        "8": "-stōwum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong ō-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Bristol; literally: the place by the bridge",
          "text": "Bryċġstōw",
          "translation": "Bristol; literally: the place by the bridge",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "suffix found in many placenames denoting \"place\" or \"place of\""
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "a place in the country",
          "text": "folcstōw",
          "translation": "a place in the country",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a place of peace, sanctuary, refuge, asylum",
          "text": "friþstōw",
          "translation": "a place of peace, sanctuary, refuge, asylum",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a baptistry, place where one is baptized",
          "text": "fulwihtstōw",
          "translation": "a baptistry, place where one is baptized",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a site; sepulcre",
          "text": "moldstōw",
          "translation": "a site; sepulcre",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "a forum",
          "text": "mōtstōw",
          "translation": "a forum",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "neighbourhood; vicinity",
          "text": "nēahstōw",
          "translation": "neighbourhood; vicinity",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "town, township",
          "text": "mynsterstōw",
          "translation": "town, township",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "place, area; provenance of, office of, jurisdiction of"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "area",
          "area"
        ],
        [
          "provenance",
          "provenance"
        ],
        [
          "office",
          "office"
        ],
        [
          "jurisdiction",
          "jurisdiction"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌstoːw/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-stow"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -stow meaning in All languages combined (5.2kB)

{
  "called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
  "msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
  "path": [
    "-stow",
    "Template:cog",
    "#invoke",
    "#invoke",
    "Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
  ],
  "section": "Old English",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "-stow",
  "trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n  a { color: #9e9eff; }\n  body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n  .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n  #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n  .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 495098132<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Fri, 18 Sep 2026 04:23:17 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}

{
  "called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
  "msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
  "path": [
    "-stow",
    "Template:cog",
    "#invoke",
    "#invoke",
    "Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
  ],
  "section": "Old English",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "-stow",
  "trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n  a { color: #9e9eff; }\n  body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n  .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n  #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n  .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 501383706<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Fri, 18 Sep 2026 04:24:12 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.